Special Character Values

How to use entities for special characters

For copyright notices it is customary to include the appropriate signs:

Symbol Entity Example
Copyright sign © Copyright © 2005 Stewart
Registered trademark ® Stewart ®

There are a number of other entities you may find useful:

Symbol Entity Example
Less than &lt; <
Greater than &gt; >
Ampersand &amp; &
nonbreaking space &nbsp;  
em dash &#8212; —
quotation mark &quot; "

And then, there are entities for accented characters and miscellaneous symbols in the Latin-1 character set:

  &nbsp; &#160; Ð &ETH; &#208;
¡ &iexcl; &#161; Ñ &Ntilde; &#209;
¢ &cent; &#162; Ò &Ograve; &#210;
£ &pound; &#163; Ó &Oacute; &#211;
¤ &curren; &#164; Ô &Ocirc; &#212;
¥ &yen; &#165; Õ &Otilde; &#213;
¦ &brvbar; &#166; Ö &Ouml; &#214;
§ &sect; &#167; × &times; &#215;
¨ &uml; &#168; Ø &Oslash; &#216;
© &copy; &#169; Ù &Ugrave; &#217;
ª &ordf; &#170; Ú &Uacute; &#218;
« &laquo; &#171; Û &Ucirc; &#219;
¬ &not; &#172; Ü &Uuml; &#220;
­ &shy; &#173; Ý &Yacute; &#221;
® &reg; &#174; Þ &THORN; &#222;
¯ &macr; &#175; ß &szlig; &#223;
° &deg; &#176; à &agrave; &#224;
± &plusmn; &#177; á &aacute; &#225;
² &sup2; &#178; â &acirc; &#226;
³ &sup3; &#179; ã &atilde; &#227;
´ &acute; &#180; ä &auml; &#228;
µ &micro; &#181; å &aring; &#229;
&para; &#182; æ &aelig; &#230;
· &middot; &#183; ç &ccedil; &#231;
¸ &cedil; &#184; è &egrave; &#232;
¹ &sup1; &#185; é &eacute; &#233;
º &ordm; &#186; ê &ecirc; &#234;
» &raquo; &#187; ë &euml; &#235;
¼ &frac14; &#188; ì &igrave; &#236;
½ &frac12; &#189; í &iacute; &#237;
¾ &frac34; &#190; î &icirc; &#238;
¿ &iquest; &#191; ï &iuml; &#239;
À &Agrave; &#192; ð &eth; &#240;
Á &Aacute; &#193; ñ &ntilde; &#241;
 &Acirc; &#194; ò &ograve; &#242;
à &Atilde; &#195; ó &oacute; &#243;
Ä &Auml; &#196; ô &ocirc; &#244;
Å &Aring; &#197; õ &otilde; &#245;
Æ &AElig; &#198; ö &ouml; &#246;
Ç &Ccedil; &#199; ÷ &divide; &#247;
È &Egrave; &#200; ø &oslash; &#248;
É &Eacute; &#201; ù &ugrave; &#249;
Ê &Ecirc; &#202; ú &uacute; &#250;
Ë &Euml; &#203; û &ucirc; &#251;
Ì &Igrave; &#204; ü &uuml; &#252;
Í &Iacute; &#205; ý &yacute; &#253;
Î &Icirc; &#206; þ &thorn; &#254;
Ï &Iuml; &#207; ÿ &yuml; &#255;

You can also use numeric character entities for the greek letters and mathematical symbols defined in Unicode. For more details, take a look at the list specified in the HTML 4 specification. Note that the entity names for these characters aren't recognized in Navigator 4, so you are recommended to stick to the numeric entities instead.

Finally, we have the Unicode for Dash Characters.

Symbol Code HTML Notes for usage
-
U+002D &#45; hyphen-minus the Ascii hyphen, with multiple usage, or “ambiguous semantic value”; average width
~
 U+007E &#126; tilde the Ascii tilde, with multiple usage; “swung dash”
-
U+2010
&#8208; hyphen unambiguously a hyphen character, as in “left-to-right”; narrow width
-
U+2011 &#8209; non-breaking hyphen as hyphen (U+2011), but not an allowed line break point
–
U+2013 &#8211; en dash used e.g. to indicate a range of values
—
U+2014 &#8212; em dash used e.g. to make a break in the flow of a sentence
-
U+2212 &#8722; minus sign an arithmetic operator; the glyph may look the same as the glyph for a hyphen-minus, or may be longer [Unicode, p. 301];

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